SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Chris Wilkerson recalls life in Firvale, Bella Coola, 1918-1951 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Chris Wilkerson describes coming from Alberta to Firvale in 1918, trapping, family in Firvale, 7th Day Adventists, Norwegian settlers, a story about Old Quahoose's Engine, more on trapping involving the Hudson's Bay Company, the Indian graveyard and a story about a bear. TRACK 2: Wilkerson continues by describing how "Burnt Bridge" got its name, tall tales by Old Gladhill, Old Chief Squinas, gold in Whitewater, the Waddington Massacre, John Clayton and the Hudsons Bay Company, Indians at Camp Aeven and details about the Old Palmer Trail.

CALL NUMBER: T1273:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Clifford Kopas recalls arrival in Bella Coola in 1933 and tells some early history, 1862-1894 PERIOD COVERED: 1862-1933 RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Clifford Kopas recalls his arrival in Bella Coola in 1933 and discusses some early history of the region (1862-1894): his arrival in Bella Coola by following Alexander Mackenzie's route in 19;33, the trip from Quesnel to Algatcho, his arrival in Firvale, and his first impressions of the Bella Coola Valley. TRACK 2: Clifford Kopas discusses the Waddington massacre, the death of Governor Frederick Seymour in 1869, fishing, the arrival of Lieutenant H.S. Palmer of the Royal Engineers in 1862, "The Grease Trail" from 1862 to 1869, "overlanders" who came to Bella Coola in search of gold, 1;869 Hudson's Bay Co. established their post, a series of men who served at the fort from 1869-1882, the 1883 arrival of missionaries including William Henry Pierce and Thomas Crosby, how in 1885 B.F. Jacobsen visited Bella Coola and took 9 native people to Germany, and the Norwegian settlers who arrived in 1894.

CALL NUMBER: T1273:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Clifford Kopas : Bella Coola road, 1951-1955 and more history, 1922-1937 PERIOD COVERED: 1793-1955 RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Clifford Kopas discusses Bella Coola Road (1951-1955) and more history from the region (1922-1937). Kopas discusses the construction for the Bella Coola Road including problems, costs, a com;parison to previous trails, the canyon, the precipice, and Indian routes. Then he discusses other activities pertaining to the road including tourism, logging, mining, and fishing. TRACK 2: Clifford Kopas continues with more on the road including the need for a highway, the building of an airstrip, television, the differences between isolation and civilization, tourism and hotels. Kopas discusses; petroglyphs (rock carvings) which were unearthed in 1922 , the origins of Indians in the area including details about crossing the Bering Strait, a description of Alexander MacKenzie's trip in 1793, Kopas' own trip through the Interior (compared to MacKenzie's), "Grease Trail", Lord Tweedsmuir's visit, Bella Coola's move in 1937, and details about the typhoid epidemic.

CALL NUMBER: T1273:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Clifford Kopas : life in Bella Coola - the people PERIOD COVERED: 1966-1966 RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Clifford Kopas describes relationships between whites and Indians, the Indian adaptation to white civilization, a breakdown of the male population in occupations, agriculture in the Bella Coo;la Valley, how milk is brought in from Vancouver, weather in the winter, his impressions of Anahim Lake, community spirit and Norwegians, and the advantages of Bella Coola as a port. [TRACK 2: blank.;]

CALL NUMBER: T1272:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Milo Fougner : arrival of Norwegian colonists in Bella Coola, 1894 PERIOD COVERED: 1894-1936 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-10 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Milo Fougner describes the early years of his life (born 1905). He begins with his first impressions of his first trip to Bella Coola including the first sawmill he ever saw, the influence of; the Church in his childhood, the arrival of Norwegian colonists in 1894, the lack of medical personnel, Sunday school at the Lutheran Church, the choir, poetry, organ music, the origins of the majority of the colonists, B.F. Jacobsen's arrival in Bella Coola, details of the colonists arrival in Bella Coola, the reception of the Indians on canoes, and the rivalry with Hudson's Bay people. TRACK 2: Fougner continues with details about life in the colony: transportation, land clearing, Rev. Saugstad, politics, the death of Rev. Saugstad, leadership of the colony after his death, the celebration;s on October 30th, the background of his father (Ivor Fougner), the adaptability of certain colonists, Milo's own life in the colony during the Depression years, industrial activities in the colony in;cluding logging and fishing, and details about the telegraph.

CALL NUMBER: T1272:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Milo Fougner : memories of Bella Coola colony between 1912 and 1940 PERIOD COVERED: 1912-1940 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-10 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Milo Fougner discusses the effects of World War I on the colonists, his father's occupations, and his own feelings toward Indians. Then he discusses the skills, knowledge, slavery, potlatches; and burial ceremonies of Indians. He then discusses growing up with Indian children and funerals including "crying hats". TRACK 2: Milo Fougner tells a story of Mr. Goldbloom who was a fur buyer fro;m 1919-1938, the name Klemtu, Lord Tweedsmuir's visit, nurse Jane Bryant, the Hudson's Bay Post in 1886, Fort McLoughlin, HBC Factor John Clayton, artists Mildred Valley Thornton and Emily Carr, the possibility of the railroad terminus at Bella Coola from 1912-1918, the Dunvegan Railroad, Milo's projections of Bella Coola as an oil line terminus, and cattle drives from 1928-1930.

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton describes his father Erasmus Levelton from Norway, Rev. Christian Saugstad, Mr. Clayton who was the HBC Factor in Bella Coola (1895), the Indians that were taken to Germany in 1890, Philip Jacobsen, the journey from Minnesota to Bella Coola, by-laws of the colony, the division of lots and the clearing of the land, a flood, involvement with Indians and whisky, more on the colonists, the Saugstad family, and the family's arrival in Bella Coola in 1895. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton continues with more on the arrival of the family, Captain Meyers, Philip Jacobsen and his father-in-law Capt. Thorsen, the first colonist was born at Bella Coola in 1898, farming, clearing land and wages, John Clayton and his family, Leach's Bridge, Walter Williscroft and bridges, Levelton's home as; a stopover for travelers, schools at Hagensborg, and Christmas activities.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the strength of Ole Saugstad, Rev. Saugstad's death, the church at Hagensborg, Hans Sogang, Karls Kristoffsen, Tolgar Olsen, and bear stories. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton discusses the Bella Coola town site, flooding dangers, an investigation by Premier T.D. Pattullo, proposed construction being interrupted by WWI, the moving of the town site in 1925, how the Indians had to move after a flood in 1936, how the town site expanded in 1937, John Clayton and the HBC post, fur traders and settlers, Anahim Indians, Charlie West, and stories of strong women.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley - the Indians SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the Indians who were employed to take freight to Hagensborg, spoon canoes and their excellent maneuverability, Indian villages (including those at Hagensborg, Burnt Bridge, Noo Secule [?], and Stuie), White Water a.k.a. Talchako, more descriptions of Indian villages, Chief Klukamut's death in 1889, Rev. William Henry Pierce (the first missionary who came from Port Essington in 1882) and Indian raids, Indian houses, building a fire including techniques, more on houses, cooking, eulachon grease, and wooden axes. TRACK 2: More on eulachon grease and wooden boxes, the clothing of Indians and HBC blankets, Indian dances at longhouses, the "Hao-Hao bird", sports at the May 24th celebration, the Clemnaman boys and feats of strength, the area covered by the Indian ;Agency (Rivers Inlet to Prince Rupert), and education including the story of a school teacher.

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton offers a story of a school superintendent who was visiting a local school, an example of a "silent streak", teachers in the Bella Coola Valley, the Indian reserve at Bella Bella ;and the boundary disputes, the arrival of George Darby in 1914, nurse Ida Morgan, a story of Dr. Darby and Morgan falling asleep in church, no education available for Indians, the Ootsa Lake rush from 1906-1910, more on land disputes including those at Ootsa Lake and Anahim Lake, and the 53rd parallel. [TRACK 2: Blank.]

Sub-series consists of field photographs taken by Richard Maynard on two tours of inspection of Indigenous communities on Vancouver Island and the mainland coast of British Columbia in 1873 and 1874. Maynard accompanied Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Israel Wood Powell, as the photographer on government tours of the west coast of British Columbia on board the H.M.S. Boxer, a gunboat vessel of the Royal Navy.

The following First Nations communities are among those visited during the 1873 tour:

• -Kwakwaka'waka Nation community near Knight Inlet, a community/camp up the Sawatti river, British Columbia mainland (May 31, 1873). Reported by I.W. Powell as “T'sawattie Knights Inlet.”

• -Indigenous community in the Nuxalk nation region near Bella Coola close to Bentinck Arm, British Columbia mainland (June 6 or June 6-8th, 1873).

• -Indigenous community in the [Nuxalk nation] region near Bella Coola up the river, British Columbia mainland (June 6 or June 6-8th, 1873). Reported by I.W. Powell as previously identified as the “Village of the Rascals”

• -Indigenous community near Takush Harbour, near Cape Caution, British Columbia mainland (June 9, 1873). Reported by I.W. Powell as meeting the "Qwoi-sil-lahs" at the "[Qwoi]-sil-lahs Camp" after proceeding to Cape Caution and Takush Harbour.

• The following First Nations communities are among those visited during the 1874 tour:

• -Nuu-chah-nulth nations of the southern region at Green Cove, Vancouver Island (September 7, 1874). Reported in the media as the “Ohiet” [Huu-ay-aht] and “Owchucklisaht.”

• -Nuu-chah-nulth nations of the central region near “Hecate passage north of Vargas Island” in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island (September 8, 1874). Reported in the media as the “Ahousahts” [Ahousaht] and the “Klahookwahts” [Tla—o-qui-aht].

• -Nations in the area of the Nuu-chah-nulth (of the central region) near “Hecate passage north of Vargas Island” in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island (September 9, 1874).

• -Indigenous community near Refuge Cove, British Columbia mainland (September 9, 1874). Reported in the media as “where the Mahnohhahsahts live.” Reported by Richard Maynard as “refuge Cove Indian name [Manhousesett].”

• -Nuu-chah-nulth region and a community near Friendly Cove in the Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island (September 10 and 11, 1874). Reported in the media as the “Movitchahts, known as the Nootkahs. Reported by I.W. Powell as the Moo-cha-ahts. Reported by I.W. Powell as meeting the “successor” of Chief “Maquinna.”

• -Nuu-chah-nulth nations of the northern region at Queen’s Cove, Vancouver Island (September 11, 1874). Reported in the media as the “Ehahtisaht” [Ehattesaht] and the “Noochatlaht” [Nuchatlaht].

• -“Shushartie Bay,” Vancouver Island (September 13, 1874). Reported in the media as the “Nawitee.”

• -Kwakwaka'wakw nation region and community at Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island (September 14, 1874).

• -Kwakwaka'wakw nation region and community at Alert Bay (Nimpkish River), Vancouver Island (September 14 and 15, 1874)

• -Coast Salish community near Departure Bay on the Vancouver Island (September 16 and 17, 1874).