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Chauncey Donald Orchard fonds British Columbia. Forest Branch
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William Byers interview

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Interview with William Byers RECORDED: Victoria (B.C.), 1961-08-11 SUMMARY: In an interview with C.D. Orchard, William Byers discusses his life in the forest industry: his background - Scotland, England, Canada; first job at a logging camp -- time keeper at a camp in northern; Ontario; life at early logging camps -- weather conditions, diet, living conditions; his duties as time keepers; anecdote about ruining his moccasins; events at beginning and end of camp; hauling logs; two spare teams; moving logs across lakes -- 'Alligator' barges. Came out to B.C. in fall of 1905: went to Nelson to pile lumber at a sawmill, but did not last long there. Next he went to town of Phoenix and drove a team for a livery barn. Working in a mine as a mucker. Mining experiences in B.C. and Montana. Mining accident, develops rheumatism. Squamish camp -- bull teams. Became shift boss at Britannia Mine, then foreman, then superintendent. Some prospecting in Barkerville. Stopped working in mines in 1912 after major strike. Joined Rocky Mountain Rangers for WW I. Went to UBC in 1919 for a course in forestry -- became a ranger (in Sechelt, Comox, Port Alice, Victoria). Moved to Vancouver in 1928 as Supervisor of Scaling until he retired in 1947. Describes scalers. Opinion on unions. Anecdotes about his job as Supervisor of Scaling. (End of interview)

Charles and Diana Marston interview

CALL NUMBER: T1861:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles O. Marston : the early B.C. forest branch, 1913-1916 PERIOD COVERED: 1891-1919 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1958-12-23 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Family background in New England from 1638. Marston born 1891. The Biltmore School of Forestry, North Carolina. Details about the Biltmore school. Dr. Carl A. Schenck as the head of the school. Marston moves to Oregon, 1912. Began work for CPR Lands Department in East Kootenays. Joined B.C. Forest Branch in 1913. Timber cruising. TRACK 2: Traveling by B.C. Forest Service boat on the coast. Victoria office of the Forest Branch. Field work for the Forest Branch, 1914. Clo-oose land speculation. Forest Branch work, 1913-16. Anti-American sentiment causes Marston to leave Forest Branch. Worked for CPR in East Kootenays, 1916-17. Worked for H.R. MacMillan. Worked on aeronautical spruce supply in later years of World War I. CALL NUMBER: T1861:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles O. Marston : a forester in B.C., 1913-1925 PERIOD COVERED: 1913-1925 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1958-12-23 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Aeroplane spruce supply during World War I. Worked for Canadian Puget Sound Lumber and Timber Co. after World War I, 1919-25. Was an officer of the One Big Union, 1919. Was a logger at Alice Arm. Logging accidents and deaths. OBU organization on northern Vancouver Island. Improvements in working conditions. Traveling the coast on the Union Steamship Co. Mrs. Marston: Worked as an assistant to her husband during WW I; description of native peoples' way of life on west coast of Vancouver Island. TRACK 2: Potlatches briefly described. Crabs and what meat consumed. (End of interview)

Robert E. (Bob) Allen interview

CALL NUMBER: T1866:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Robert E. Allen : the West Kootenays in the 1890s PERIOD COVERED: 1877-1896 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-10-24 & 25 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Born in Nevada in 1877. To Spokane in 1880. Father a homesteader in Washington and later in the mining industry in Idaho. Family to the Slocan region in 1892. Trip from Kellogg, Idaho, to Nakusp, New Denver, Three Forks and Sandon. Hauling ore by pack trains. Jobs in the Sandon-New Denver area. Camp conditions. Helped father with mail contract, 1893. TRACK 2: Traveling in the West Kootenay region: Rossland, Nelson and the Slocan Valley. Adventures on a trip from Nelson to Three Forks via Kaslo. Allen has mail contract from Nakusp to the Slocan mines, 1893. Became packer for the mines. Allen in the transportation business in Sandon and Slocan City. CALL NUMBER: T1866:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Robert E. Allen : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1912-1917 PERIOD COVERED: 1896-1917 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-10-24 & 25 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Sold out in Slocan City in 1906. Married in 1897. Story of his marriage and honeymoon. Lived in Slocan City, 1896-1910. Became a bush foreman, 1906. Sawmills in the West Kootenays. Flood on Arrow Lakes in 1907. Woods and packing jobs. Became road foreman in 1908 at Slocan City and Burton. Incident when Allen fired Sid Leary who was later Minister of Public Works for not working hard enough on road construction. TRACK 2: Political patronage in Public Works road crews. Allen got a job as a fire warden through the influence of William Hunter a Conservative back-bencher, 1911. Becomes divisional fire warden at Revelstoke in 1912. Traveling around his division. R.E. Benedict and John Lafon brought in from U.S. Forest Service to organize new B.C. Forest Branch, 1912. Allen becomes District Forester in Hazelton, 1913. Becomes head of amalgamated Prince Rupert Forest District, 1917. Staff in the Hazelton Forest District. CALL NUMBER: T1866:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Robert E. Allen : District Forester and mill operator, 1913-1926 PERIOD COVERED: 1913-1926 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-10-24 & 25 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: The Hazelton Forest District, 1913-17. Forest Rangers. Repetition of some earlier material about the Slocan mines. Becomes District Forester in Prince Rupert in 1917. Stories about M.A. Grainger, the second Chief Forester. Anecdote about Grainger's flat feet and his moccasins. Mrs. Grainger. Quit Forest Branch to go into sawmill business, 1919. TRACK 2: Anecdotes about Forest Branch personnel. In sawmill business, 1919-26. Hanall mill described. Working conditions in Hanall. Buys into a mill at Vanarsdol in 1925. Sawmills along the CNR line. The production of railway ties. CALL NUMBER: T1866:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Robert E. Allen : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1913-1945 PERIOD COVERED: 1920-1945 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-10-24 & 25 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Tie production along the Skeena section of the CNR. Rejoined B.C. Forest Branch in 1926 as District Forester at Prince Rupert. Allen investigated after the change of government in 1928 but not fired. Allen non-political while employed by B.C.F.S. District Forester in Prince Rupert, 1926-30. Procedures for timber sales. Became District Forester at Kamloops, 1930-32. Became District Forester in Nelson, 1932. Squabbles over Forest Branch vehicles. TRACK 2: Allen was District Forester in Nelson, 1932-45. Retired in 1945. Staff of the Nelson Forest District. Staff. Fire a major problem in Nelson District. Dispute over who would be District Forester in Kamloops, 1940. Auction bidding for timber. Forest fires in the Nelson District. Expresses satisfaction with his Forest Branch career. Salaries for District Foresters. (End of interview)

C.S. Cowan interview

CALL NUMBER: T1867:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles S. Cowan : the B.C. Forest Branch and its Chief Forester, 1914-1937 PERIOD COVERED: 1914-1937 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-12-05 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Joined B.C. Forest Branch, 1914. Was Forest Assistant in Vancouver District. Anecdote about trespassers. George McKay, first District Forester in Vancouver District. W.J. Van Dusen, the next District Forester in Vancouver. Anecdote about meeting H.R. MacMillan by coincidence in London. Had worked for Canadian Commission of Conservation prior to 1914. Early impressions of H.R. MacMillan. Reconnaissance surveys of timbered land for the Commission of Conservation and the Forest Branch. Anecdotes about woods work. Anecdotes about Martin A. Grainger. TRACK 2: More anecdotes about Grainger as Chief Forester, 1916-20. Administration in the early Forest Branch. Setting the stumpage and royalty levels. More comments on Grainger. Grainger quits Forest Branch to represent timber owners. Peter Z. Caverhill, Chief Forester, 1920-37. CALL NUMBER: T1867:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles S. Cowan : the B.C. Forest Branch, CFP (Nimpkish) and Weyerhauser, 1920s PERIOD COVERED: 1920-1930 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-12-05 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Peter Z. Caverhill, Chief Forester from 1920 to 1937 [1935]. Cowan was District Forester in Vancouver until 1926. Problems of fire control and slash control. Fire prevention. Development of fire fighting equipment. TRACK 2: More on fire fighting equipment. Left Forest Branch in 1926 and went to work for Canadian Forest Products at Beaver Cove. Problems with establishing pulp and saw mills at Beaver Cove. How the directors of International Harvester became the owners of the Nimpkish Valley timber. Cowan plans a logging development for Cyrus McCormack in the Nimpkish Valley. Went to Washington to work for Weyerhauser in 1927. Forest fire protection in Washington State. New fire fighting equipment. CALL NUMBER: T1867:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles S. Cowan : forest fire protection PERIOD COVERED: 1927-1940 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-12-05 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Cowan talks about the development of new fire fighting equipment in Washington State. Changes in loggers attitudes towards fire. Developing fire protection practices. Orchard comments that B.C. generally follows developments in the U.S.A. More on fire fighting. TRACK 2: Anecdotes about the Canadian Armed forces. Stories about M.A. Grainger. Logging practices and changes. Logging and loading system. Application of tractors and early moving equipment to logging. Early logging trucks. CALL NUMBER: T1867:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles S. Cowan : logging methods PERIOD COVERED: 1880-1930 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1959-12-05 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Evolution of logging methods, equipment and technology. (End of interview)

Reginald V. Stuart interview

CALL NUMBER: T1871:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Reginald V. Stuart : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1914-1927 (part 1) PERIOD COVERED: 1910-1927 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1960-01-08 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Arrived in Vancouver in 1910 from Golden. Worked for Robert Filberg at Golden, 1919. Description of Vancouver in 1910. Clearing land in Vancouver. Stuart's early work history. Went to work at Powell River in 1911. Stuart enumerates the major logging companies on the South Coast and on Vancouver Island. Logging methods and technology in 1911. Wages and working conditions. Woods jobs. Stuart's work as accountant and scaler. TRACK 2: Forestry officials prior to the formation of the B.C. Forest Branch. Logging methods. The establishment of the B.C. Forest Branch under H.R. MacMillan in 1912. Stuart joined Forest Branch in 1914. Attempted political interference with the operation of the Forest Branch. Resistance to the ideas of forest management. Stuart's territory as a ranger. CALL NUMBER: T1871:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Reginald V. Stuart : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1914-1927 (part 2) PERIOD COVERED: 1914-1940 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1960-01-08 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Anecdotes about Stuart's days as a ranger along the lower coast. Story of the resale of Hastings sawmill timber lease. Economic factors in the development of the forest industry. The low price of timber. Stuart worked for the Forest Branch, 1914-27. Reminiscences of the Chief Foresters: H.R. MacMillan, Martin Grainger, P.Z. Caverhill. TRACK 2: More on the career of M.A. Grainger. Comments on P.Z. Caverhill, Chief Forester in 1920s and 1930s. Stuart becomes manager of the Loggers Association, 1927. Public relations problems of the Forest Branch, 1920s. The first use of aircraft by the Forest Branch, 1917. Early air crashes near Vancouver. The first use of radios by the Forest Branch, 1920. Favourable comments on T.D. Pattullo. (End of interview)

J.M. Gibson interview

CALL NUMBER: T1875:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Dr. J.M. Gibson : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1920-1927 PERIOD COVERED: 1920-1927 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1960-10-20 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Dr. J.M. Gibson joined the B.C. Forest Branch, 1920. Gibson works for the Nelson Forest District. Rangers in the Nelson District. Getting around the Nelson District. Problems of fighting forest fires. Preliminary cruising in the West Kootenay region. Moved to East Kootenay region, 1921. Rangers in the East Kootenay area. Timber cruising. TRACK 2: Sawmilling operations in the East Kootenays, 1921. Cruising in the extreme southeast. Building timber flumes. Tenure of various timber lands in the East Kootenay area. Gibson becomes District Forester in Prince George, 1923. Rangers and mills in the central Interior region, 1925. CALL NUMBER: T1875:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Dr. J.M. Gibson : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1920-1929 PERIOD COVERED: 1920-1929 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1960-10-20 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Continuation of a discussion of the sawmills in the central Interior region, 1925. Comments on union organization in the Cranbrook area. More on sawmills in the central Interior area, especially east of Prince George. Detailed discussion of the Winton interests in the sawmill at Giscome. More on the mills east of Prince George. Problems of a District Forester: forest fires and collecting stumpage and royalty. Small water-powered sawmill operating at Fort St. James, 1924. TRACK 2: Story of Sir John Pitca, a knighted Estonian who settled near Fort St. James. Gibson becomes Assistant Forester in charge of forest protection, 1927-29. Returned to New Brunswick to teach at UNB in 1929. (End of interview)

Charles R. Mills interview

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Charles R. Mills : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1915-1917 PERIOD COVERED: 1910-1917 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1960-10-25 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Worked on forestry data collection in the Dominion Railway Belt in B.C., 1913-14. Graduated in forestry from University of Toronto and joined B.C. Forest Branch, 1915. The Forest Branch office in Tete Jaune Cache, 1915. The story of starvation flats. More on the Forest Branch facilities in Tete Jaune. Mills was District Forester in Kamloops, 1917. Forest rangers in the Kamloops forest district. The work of the district forester. Forest fire protection. Fire fighting pumps. Left B.C. Forest Branch in 1917. The history of Tete Jaune. TRACK 2: Forest surveys in the Dominion Railway Belt;, 1910-14. Some personnel of the Dominion Forest Service, 1910-14. Members of Mills graduating class, 1915. Dean B.E. Fernow and the staff of the University of Toronto Faculty of Forestry. Mills current (1960) manager of the Ontario Forest Industries Association. Conditions in logging camps, 1912. (End of interview)

L. Sawyer Hope interview

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): L.S. Hope : the B.C. Forest Branch, 1920-1923 PERIOD COVERED: 1920-1923 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961-01-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Came to work for the B.C. Forest Branch from the University of Toronto, 1920. Timber cruising in the Ocean Falls area. The Victoria office of the Forest Branch. Timber cruising conditions in Prince George area, winter of 1921. Idea of a pulp mill in Prince George. TRACK 2: More on the pulp wood cruise in the Prince George area. Married in the summer of 1921. Became Assistant District Forester in Nelson Forest District, 1922. The rangers in the Nelson District. Hope's work as Assistant District Forester. Sawmills in the Nelson District. The cutting of poles, posts and ties. Match block manufacturing in Nelson. Fire fighting equipment in the Nelson District. (End of interview)

Leonard R. Andrews interview

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Leonard R. Andrews : the B.C. Forest Branch and the BCLMA, 1912-1960 PERIOD COVERED: 1912-1960 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961-02-28 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Hired by H.R. MacMillan to work for the B.C. Forest Branch, 1912. U.S. advisors to the Forest Branch: Overton Price, John Lafon, R.E. Benedict. Andrews appointed District Forester in Vernon, 1913. The job of District Forester. Appointing fire wardens. H.R. MacMillan as Chief Forester. Fought in WW I. Returned to Forest Branch in 1918. Andrews becomes District Forester in Vancouver, 1920-25. Andrews was secretary-manager of the B.C. Loggers Association, 1925-27. Went to Bloedel Stewart and Welch at Menzies Bay, 1927. TRACK 2: The BSW camp at Menzies Bay. Andrews ill with TB, 1928. Joined B.C. Lumber Manufacturers Association, 1929. International trade arrangements for lumber. Andrews a member of the trade delegations in the 1930s. During WW II worked for federal Timber Comptroller, 1939-42. Was BCLMA representative in Ottawa, 1942-45. Then became secretary-manager of the BCLMA. Description of Bloedel Stewart and Welch camps, Menzies Bay logging operation, ca. 1927. Details on bunkhouses. Rates of pay. Working conditions. Logging methods. Forest Service personnel. Details on the career of H.R. MacMillan, ca. 1915-19. (End of interview)

C.D. Orchard : [reminiscences]

CALL NUMBER: T1887:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): C.D. Orchard : forestry in British Columbia, 1920-1958 (part 1) PERIOD COVERED: 1893-1925 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Orchard born 1893 in Wakefield, N.B. Became a teacher in N.B. Comments on the development of forestry education. Entered forestry at UNB. In Canadian Armed Forces, 1914-19. Returned to forestry at UNB. Obtained job in BCFS in 1920. Met forester Charles S. Cowan and Chief Forester M.A. Grainger. Orchard's introduction to the Forest Branch. Early survey and cruising methods. Field work in Vernon. Working conditions in the Forest Branch. Cruise of the Kelowna watershed, 1920. Work along the Nass River, 1921. TRACK 2: More on cruising in the Nass River area, 1921022. Forest Branch work. Indians in the Nass country. Aiyansh. Comments on timber sales and forest management. Orchard put in charge of all forest surveys. Timber cruising methods. The development of forestry education. CALL NUMBER: T1887:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): C.D. Orchard : forestry in British Columbia, 1920-1958 (part 2) PERIOD COVERED: 1912-1961 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: History of the B.C. Forest Branch: H.R. MacMillan, the first Chief Forester, 1912; early personnel; early forest inventories in B.C.; early organization of the Forest Service. Orchard becomes; District Forester in Cranbrook in 1924. Conditions in Cranbrook. Assistant District Forester in Nelson, 1925. Comments on Chief Forester P.Z. Caverhill. Forestry conditions in B.C., 1910-40. Early timber leases. Comments on the Fulton Commission, 1909-10. Comments on Martin A. Grainger, secretary to the commission and later Chief Forester. Letter from H.R. MacMillan about Grainger and A.W. Ross, Minister of Lands. The Nelson Forest District in the mid-1920s. TRACK 2: More on the forest district especially about forest fires. Orchard becomes District Forester in Prince George, 1927. Transportation in the Prince George district. A forester's problems: fires and accounts. Attempted political interference in the Forest Branch. Patronage in the Public Service. Conditions in Prince George. Internal Forest Branch matters. Orchard moved to Victoria office, 1930. Patronage appointments of some staff. Orchard's duties. CALL NUMBER: T1887:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): C.D. Orchard : forestry in British Columbia, 1920-1958 (part 3) PERIOD COVERED: 1912-1958 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Forest Branch finances: Forest Protection Fund and annual allotments. Changes in Forest Branch function: forest protection before 1940 and forest management afterwards. Problems of the Depression. Staff shortages. Forest Branch equipment. Fire pumps. Orchard become head of Forest Service research, 1932. More on Depression problems. Chief Forester P.Z. Caverhill dies, 1935. E.C. Manning becomes Chief Forester and Orchard Deputy Chief Forester, January 1936. Comments on Caverhill and Manning. Manning a promoter of parks. Parks turned over to Forest Branch in 1939. Parks to Recreation and Conservation in 1957. More on Manning. Manning dies in an air crash and Orchard becomes Chief Forester, 1941. Problems presented by WW II. The new job. TRACK 2: Problems of WW II. Forest industry profiteering. Labour problems. The perception of management problems in the early 1940s. The idea of sustained yield develops in the 1940s. Experiments in small log production. Role of Bob Filberg in these experiments. Political pressures on the Forest Service. Socreds susceptible to industry pressure. More on sustained yield. Orchard's memorandum on sustained yield, 1942. Private debate on forest management, 1942-43. Gordon Sloan appointed Royal Commissioner to look into forest management, 1943. The Sloan Commission. CALL NUMBER: T1887:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): C.D. Orchard : forestry in British Columbia, 1920-1958 (part 4) PERIOD COVERED: 1943-1958 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Sloan Commission hearings, 1943-45. Orchard becomes Deputy Minister of Forests, 1945. Orchard continues as Chief Forester. Problems of wartime. Sloan's report in 1945 supports sustained yield. Evolution of the Forest Management License concept. E.T. Kenney becomes Minister of Lands and Forests, 1944. Comments on Kenney. Amendments to the Forest Act, 1946 and 1947. Disagreements with J.V. Fisher, Deputy Minister of Finance. Opposition to FMLs. Problems with the license system. Negotiations for early FMLs. TRACK 2: Forest management experiences elsewhere. Orchard's faith in the forest management system. The second Sloan Commission, 1955-56. Forest Service takes returning WW II veterans. Comments on UBC Faculty of Forestry. Ranger school at Green Timbers. Construction of ranger school. Comments on Fred Mulholland. Progress in the forest industry. Integration in the forest industry and reasons for it. Post-war production trends. Defense of forest management policies. Forest Service roads. CALL NUMBER: T1887:0005 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): C.D. Orchard : forestry in British Columbia, 1920-1958 (part 5) PERIOD COVERED: 1912-[no date] RECORDED: [location unknown], 1961 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Forestry work under the Silvicultural Fund. Fund ended in 1956. The second Sloan Commission into forestry, 1955-56. The Socred takeover, 1952. Orchard's opinions of the Socred government. The Sommers case from Orchard's point of view. Summary of the accomplishments of the Forest Service from 1912. (End of interview)

C.D. Orchard papers relating to forest administration

Papers relating to forestry and allied topics including briefs, exhibits, and notes relating to the 1943-1945 Commission on Forest Resources, 1955-1956 Commission on Forestry and material relating to the establishment of a Fraser Canyon Public Working Circle.

Presented to the BC Forest Service Museum by C.D. Orchard, 1960-1973; transferred to Project 87, 1981; received by PABC, 1982.

A finding aid is available.

Orchard, Chauncey Donald, 1893-1973