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"Any Ordinary Degree of System:" The Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company and the Harvesting of Wildlife, 1825-1849 / Lorne Hammond

The item is a typescript copy of a thesis by Lorne Hammond titled "Any Ordinary Degree of System:" The Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company and the Harvesting of Wildlife, 1825-1849. xi, 186 p. Thesis (M.A.), University of Victoria, 1985. Bibliography: pages 166-177.

Presented by the author, 1988.

The Hudson's Bay Company's contribution to the work of three important artists in their territory, 1821-1860 / Susan Jane Hopkins Stewart

The item is microfiche copy of a thesis by Susan Jane Hopkins Stewart titled "The Hudson's Bay Company's contribution to the work of three important artists in their territory, 1821-1860." vii, 194 leaves: illus., tables. Thesis (M.A.), University of British Columbia, 1979. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 150-160. Canadian theses on microfiche, 46277.

Vacillation of Purpose: Indian Policies of the Colonial Office in British North America in the Mid-Nineteenth Century / David McNab

The item consists of a photocopy of a paper by Professor David McNab of Cornerbrook University titled "Vacillation of Purpose: Indian Policies of the Colonial Office in British North America in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." The paper was presented to the Canadian Historical Association Annual Meeting, University of Western Ontario, 1978.

Colonial Office correspondence with Hudson's Bay Co. with regard to Vancouver Island

This series consists of transcripts of correspondence with the Hudson's Bay Company relating to the conveyance, settlement, and reconveyance of Vancouver Island. Correspondence is arranged chronologically.

Volumes:
Volume 1: 1822-1851
Volume 2: 1852-1856.
Volume 3: 1856-1858
Volume 4: 1858-1860
Volume 5: 1860-1863
Volume 6: 1863-1880

Great Britain. Colonial Office

John Douglas Leechman papers

John Douglas Leechman, anthropologist and author, was born in London, England on December 20, 1890. Educated in the United Kingdom, Egypt and Switzerland, Leechman emigrated to Canada in his youth, served with the Canadian Mounted Rifles in the First World War and, after demobilization in 1917, apprenticed at the Victoria Public Library. In 1918, Leechman enrolled at the University of Washington to pursue a degree in Library Science but left the university prior to completing his degree. In 1924, while residing in Victoria, he applied for and won a position with the Anthropology Division of the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa, where he remained until 1955. During his thirty one years in Ottawa, Leechman spent part of his free time teaching evening courses in journalism at Carleton University and acquiring his BSc., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. In 1955 Leechman left the National Museum to become the first Director of the Glenbow Foundation in Calgary. He retired from this position in 1957, moved to Victoria and was shortly thereafter engaged by the Federal Government to aid in the restoration of Fort Langley and Fort Prince of Wales. When asked of his recreational activities and favorite pastimes, Leechman replied "writing". His years teaching journalism at Carlton and his extensive bibliography of about five hundred titles, attest to his leisure time pursuits. Leechman's co-authorship of the Dictionary of Canadianisms (1967), his activities, since 1968, as a Canadian consultant for the Oxford English Dictionary and his compilation of an extensive glossary of fur trade terms, found within this body of papers, are further testimony to his recreational pursuits and lexicographical interests. Dr. Leechman, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, died in Victoria in 1980. The bulk of the records consist of Leechman's theses dealing with native peoples and literature, his personal correspondence files (1925-1978) and typescripts of material submitted for publication including articles, books, radio scripts, and reviews. The records also include an extensive unpublished glossary of fur trade terms, the "Dictionary of Canadian English" which never appeared in print as a unit but became part of the Dictionary of Canadianisms; glossary notes for the Oxford English Dictionary and journalism lecture notes. Historical subject files which include material relating to Fort Langley, domestic files, diplomas, certificates, and some of his wife Ruth's general correspondence and committee files have been preserved. The records also contain some archaeological field notes relating to Leechman's study of the Cape Dorset Inuit culture as well as his field notes of archaeological sites in B.C. and the Yukon. Artwork comprising 157 pieces was removed from the fonds in 1987 and moved to the PDP collection under the PDP number 06180. In 2023 they were intellectually moved back to the fonds and added to this description. The artworks consist of drawings of Indigenous tools, botanical subjects and Indigenous peoples; many of which were used for the books, 'Edible Wild Plants' and Native Tribes of Canada'. Some of the artworks were done by artist Ted Noram. The BC Archives library has catalogued some of Leechman's publications.

Leechman, John Douglas, 1890-1980

Continuity and change: the role of the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon and Vancouver Island, 1824-1859 / Carol Mavis Frawley

The item is a microfiche copy of a thesis by Carol Mavis Frawley titled "Continuity and change: the role of the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon and Vancouver Island, 1824-1859." 1971. vi, 137 leaves. Thesis (M.A.), University of Victoria, 1971. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 126-137. Canadian theses on microfiche, 27305.

Marjorie Robertson interview

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): First white woman in the Central Canadian Arctic PERIOD COVERED: 1920-1930 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1976-06-17 SUMMARY: TRACKS 1 & 2: Marjorie Robertson was born in New Brunswick in 1903, and moved to New Westminster as a child. She married C. Hugh Clarke, a partner in the Canalaska Trading Company, and returned with him to the western Arctic in 1927, remaining there for three years. She associated with native people, and travelled to Herschel Island once a year for supplies. She describes trading in the Arctic, and competition with the Hudson's Bay Company. She also recalls New Westminster in the 1910s and 1920s.

The relationship of the Church Missionary Society and the Hudson's Bay Company in Rupert's Land, 1821 to 1860...

The item is a copy of a thesis on microfiche by Norma Jaye Gooseen titled "The relationship of the Church Missionary Society and the Hudson's Bay Company in Rupert's Land, 1821 to 1860, with a case study of Stanley Mission under the direction of Reverend Robert Hunt." 1974. iii, 174 leaves: illus., maps, table. Thesis (M.A.), University of Manitoba, 1975. Bibliography: leaves 154-167. Canadian theses on microfiche, 21576.

John Kemp interview : [McIntosh, 1972]

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Life of John Kemp PERIOD COVERED: 1909-1972 RECORDED: Fort Fraser (B.C.), 1972 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: John Kemp arrived in Fort Fraser in 1911. He was the brother-in-law of William Bunting, the Hudson's Bay factor at Fort Fraser/Fort St. James, 1909 to 19--. This tape was recorded while Kemp watched slides of his life at Fort Fraser School. [TRACK 2: blank.]

Elmirdo Bellicini and George Ogston interview

CALL NUMBER: T1228:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Elmirdo Bellicini recalls coming to Houston, 1908 ; George Ogston remembers Hazelton and Vanderhoof PERIOD COVERED: 1903-1914 RECORDED: Vanderhoof (B.C.), [196-?] SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Elmirdo Bellicini begins this interview speaking about his early life in Italy, his coming to Houston (via the U.S.) in 1908, incidents and work during his boat trip and his land trek to Hazelton, coming to Houston (1908), John Houston and the establishment of Houston, early Houston residents and a comparison of Canada and Italy. George Ogston of Vanderhoof, the second interviewee, speaks; about coming to Hazelton from Scotland as a Hudson's Bay Company apprentice (1903), the Hazelton fur trade, currency, Indian villages and tribes, types of furs and a description of the trading post. He continued his work at the Hudson's Bay posts at Babine, Fort St. James and Fort Fraser and later moved to Vanderhoof (1914). TRACK 2: George Ogston, owner of a real estate business, provides his ;views on the future of Vanderhoof and agriculture in the area. He recalls his five year apprentice contract and pay scale with the Hudson's Bay Company. More details about the scheme for a home for retired writers and editors started by Herbert Vanderhoof and supported by the National Editorial Association of America are provided.;

CALL NUMBER: T1228:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Elmirdo Bellicini recalls coming to Houston in 1908 PERIOD COVERED: 1908-1908 RECORDED: Vanderhoof (B.C.), [196-?] SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Elmirdo Bellicini speaks about coming into the Bulkley Valley on the Grand Trunk Pacific riverboat, hiring on as a deckhand on a steamer to Hazelton, a land trek to Hazelton and finally settling in Houston (1908). (This track seems to be another version of Mr. Bellicini's recollections previously heard on T1228:0001 (track 1). ( Note: a segment from CFPR Prince Rupert's "Good Morning Radio" remains at the end of this tape; presumably the interview was recorded over the first part of the program.)

From the mountains to the sea : Trail of gold

SUMMARY: "Trail of Gold", number 8 in the series, recalls the coming of Simon Fraser and the story of the Cariboo Gold Rush -- but more particularly, the results of the gold rush, such as the Cariboo Road, inns, stagecoaches, freight wagons, pack trains, etc. Techniques of gold mining. The story of Barkerville. Voices heard include: Annie York, Rose Baker, Nellie Baker, R.T. Crosby, Captain Norman Evans-Atkinson, Gus Milliken, A.W. Ludditt, Roddy Moffat, Art Phair, Tom Carolan, Bryson Patenaude, Martin Starret, and Albert Drinkell.

From the mountains to the sea : Tales of two cities

SUMMARY: "Tales of Two Cities", number 6 in the series, is a program contrasting the early years, development, and characteristics of Victoria and Vancouver, prior to the First World War. Voices heard include: Kathleen Agnew, Isabel Sweeney, Nellie Hood, Madge Muskett, Maisie Hurley, Stanley Meadows, Roger Monteith, William Wallace, Russell Walker and B.C. Hilliam.

From the mountains to the sea : New Caledonia

SUMMARY: "New Caledonia" is number 9 in the series. People and places along the Hudson's Bay trail from Hazelton to Fort St. James; the Indian people and their legendary hero Astace; the fur traders; the missionary priests; early days in Hazelton and Fort St. James. Voices heard include: Martin Starret, Lizette Hall, Vicky Simms, Bill Ferrier, Lawrence Dickenson, Wiggs O'Neill, John Morrison, Frank Chettleburgh, and Bea Williscroft.

Ted Levelton interview

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton describes his father Erasmus Levelton from Norway, Rev. Christian Saugstad, Mr. Clayton who was the HBC Factor in Bella Coola (1895), the Indians that were taken to Germany in 1890, Philip Jacobsen, the journey from Minnesota to Bella Coola, by-laws of the colony, the division of lots and the clearing of the land, a flood, involvement with Indians and whisky, more on the colonists, the Saugstad family, and the family's arrival in Bella Coola in 1895. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton continues with more on the arrival of the family, Captain Meyers, Philip Jacobsen and his father-in-law Capt. Thorsen, the first colonist was born at Bella Coola in 1898, farming, clearing land and wages, John Clayton and his family, Leach's Bridge, Walter Williscroft and bridges, Levelton's home as; a stopover for travelers, schools at Hagensborg, and Christmas activities.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the strength of Ole Saugstad, Rev. Saugstad's death, the church at Hagensborg, Hans Sogang, Karls Kristoffsen, Tolgar Olsen, and bear stories. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton discusses the Bella Coola town site, flooding dangers, an investigation by Premier T.D. Pattullo, proposed construction being interrupted by WWI, the moving of the town site in 1925, how the Indians had to move after a flood in 1936, how the town site expanded in 1937, John Clayton and the HBC post, fur traders and settlers, Anahim Indians, Charlie West, and stories of strong women.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley - the Indians SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the Indians who were employed to take freight to Hagensborg, spoon canoes and their excellent maneuverability, Indian villages (including those at Hagensborg, Burnt Bridge, Noo Secule [?], and Stuie), White Water a.k.a. Talchako, more descriptions of Indian villages, Chief Klukamut's death in 1889, Rev. William Henry Pierce (the first missionary who came from Port Essington in 1882) and Indian raids, Indian houses, building a fire including techniques, more on houses, cooking, eulachon grease, and wooden axes. TRACK 2: More on eulachon grease and wooden boxes, the clothing of Indians and HBC blankets, Indian dances at longhouses, the "Hao-Hao bird", sports at the May 24th celebration, the Clemnaman boys and feats of strength, the area covered by the Indian ;Agency (Rivers Inlet to Prince Rupert), and education including the story of a school teacher.

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton offers a story of a school superintendent who was visiting a local school, an example of a "silent streak", teachers in the Bella Coola Valley, the Indian reserve at Bella Bella ;and the boundary disputes, the arrival of George Darby in 1914, nurse Ida Morgan, a story of Dr. Darby and Morgan falling asleep in church, no education available for Indians, the Ootsa Lake rush from 1906-1910, more on land disputes including those at Ootsa Lake and Anahim Lake, and the 53rd parallel. [TRACK 2: Blank.]

Chris Wilkerson interview

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Chris Wilkerson recalls life in Firvale, Bella Coola, 1918-1951 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Chris Wilkerson describes coming from Alberta to Firvale in 1918, trapping, family in Firvale, 7th Day Adventists, Norwegian settlers, a story about Old Quahoose's Engine, more on trapping involving the Hudson's Bay Company, the Indian graveyard and a story about a bear. TRACK 2: Wilkerson continues by describing how "Burnt Bridge" got its name, tall tales by Old Gladhill, Old Chief Squinas, gold in Whitewater, the Waddington Massacre, John Clayton and the Hudsons Bay Company, Indians at Camp Aeven and details about the Old Palmer Trail.

Tom Carolan interview

CALL NUMBER: T0423:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Thomas "Tom" Carolan discusses various aspects of settlement and life in the Cariboo, 1850 to 1930. The interview begins with the story of William Pinchbeck, Cariboo pioneer. Stories follow about Amadie Isnardy; Mexican packers and the pack trains; Antonio Boitano; the Chilco Ranch area; the local history of the Cariboo; his perceptions of Native people; and the television series "Cariboo Country". Carolan discusses his own background in Alberta and hunting wild horses in the Cariboo, circa 1927. He tells stories about the famous packer Jean Caux ("Cataline"), the Tressiera family, and Rosetti.

TRACK 2: Carolan continues his stories about packers and Cataline. He describes fiddlers in the Cariboo; Johnny MacLean and the MacLean brothers; hangings in Williams Lake; Judge Begbie's justice; Charlie Skinner; the James railway survey circa 1870; more on William Pinchbeck; and the Cache Creek boarding school. Mr. Carolan discusses settlers entering the Chilcotin and the China Flats; and Chinese miners. He mentions Becher's place at Riske Creek; the Bryant family; and the hurdy-gurdy girls.

CALL NUMBER: T0423:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Carolan describes dances at the big ranches and changes in the Cariboo after WWI. Then he describes cattle in the Cariboo; Amedee Isnardy of Chimney Creek Ranch; the importance of Barkerville; and law and order. Mr. Carolan describes ranchers and ranches of the Chilcotin; the Harper family; Alkali Lake Ranch; Canoe Creek Ranch; Henry Koster; and Upper Dog Creek Ranch. Then he discusses the Big Bar area; raising pigs; and ranches on Chilcotin River.

TRACK 2: The final installment begins with a description of roads in the Chilcotin; Benny Franklin; the ways of the pioneers; Mr. Carolan's family background; and a discussion of Hudson's Bay company activities in the early 1800s. Fur trade routes are mentioned as well as Hudson's Bay Company posts at Anahim Lake. Finally, Pat McClinchy, an old timer of the western Chilotin; the Lee family; John Cook, a Gulf Island pioneer; and children of white/Indian parentage are discussed.

Roddy Moffat interview : [Orchard. 1964]

CALL NUMBER: T0375:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-29 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Roderick "Roddy" Roy Moffat discusses how his father came out to the Chilcotin from Ontario and began ranching near Alexandria. Moffat offers several stories about his father when he drove a stagecoach. He discusses the tests necessary for a person to be a driver for the BC Line Company. He describes horses and drivers and the relationship between the two. There are many more stories about freighting days. Jerk-line teams had anywhere between four and twelve horses and three carriages. He describes how the horses were handled just outside of Ashcroft when the road became hilly and curved.

TRACK 2: Mr. Moffat discusses the competition between freighters to get the business of the Hudson's Bay Company out of Quesnel, alcohol consumption being a problem to achieving the contract, and then more on freighting. His father invented the snow roller for easier freighting in the winter. He describes the town of Barkerville. He discusses Chinese people as ranchers and as miners in the region. He discusses the Pinchbeck farm as the first farm in the area in Williams Lake and other early ranches: Levy Ranch in Soda Creek, McGuiness Ranch, 4 Mile Ranch, Sam Bohanon Ranch and that was all the farming until Quesnel. He describes many people in the area, old timers, and miners. Steve and Andrew Olsen are two characters he discusses, other Moffatts in the area, Alexander Flats, irrigation, the Hudson's Bay post at Alexandria, and the war between the Chilcotin Indians and the Alexander Indians.

CALL NUMBER: T0375:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-29 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Moffat describes the trail used by the Chilcotin Indians to invade the Alexander Indians, and how this route was used by Simon Fraser. He describes farmland and how technology has improved its uses. He discusses cattle farming near Quesnel. He describes his childhood and schooling. [TRACK 2: blank.]

Martin Starret interviews, 1963-1964

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0001
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Martin Starret, born July 17, 1888, describes his family background, starting with his maternal grandfather, Captain Henry Smith. His grandmother's family name was Stevens. He describes a trip with his uncle, C.V. Smith, to Hazelton in 1909 to learn the fur trade. He discusses a shipment consisting of seventy tons of alcohol for a man called Blackjack MacDonald. He offers a description of Hazelton and his first recollections upon landing there including specific people and events. He discusses his mother and his father, born in 1850 in Brampton Ontario, who was a surveyor. His father also mined gold with a man named Metcalf, and Jack Kerkup who later became the Gold Commissioner at Rossland. His father and a man named Flood, who was from Woodstock Ontario, and a man named Corrigan went from Hope to Skagit in Washington to mine gold. He describes their adventures on the trail to Skagit. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues with the story. One of the men began to miss a few things out of his bag such as salt and bacon. The man accused was a Chinese miner and he was required to cut off his hair to be set free. His father returned to Silver Creek, a couple of miles below Hope. Mr. Starret describes Hope, BC, and its residents in the 1890s. Stories of Bill Bristol who had the contract of cutting cords of wood for the steamboat company for a dollar and a quarter per pile. Bristol was born in Syracuse, NY. He worked in the mines in San Francisco in 1849 and came to Hope in 1858. Mr. Starret describes the naming of Catz Landing, Bristol's Landing and a few more places. Bristol used to carry mail from Westminster to Yale in the season when the boats could not run. More stories about Bristol.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0002
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes cattle drives and cattle trains near Hope in the 1890s. He offers anecdotes about William Yates who was a worker for Hudson's Bay Company, the man for which Yates Street in Victoria is named. He describes work at the Whitworth Ranch in the Skagit Valley in 1907, a man named Bob Hume who claimed that he was the first white man born in BC, who also worked there. Hume told Mr. Starret the story of Simon Gun-an-noot, an Indian outlaw who killed two white men in Hazelton, including Alec MacIntosh, in October 1907. Gun-an-noot eventually gave himself up because there were no witnesses. Starret tells stories of the famous packer Cataline, whose real name was Jean Caux, and discusses Cataline's drinking habits. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells a story about Cataline taking the horseshoes off a horse who was carrying eggs, so that the horse's feet would get sore and he would walk lightly, so as not to break any eggs. More anecdotes about Cataline. Steve Tingley was an old timer who owned a ranch and his wife was killed on a horse. Stories about other packers and old timers such as Ned Stout, Bob Steveson, and John Allway who died in September 1908. He discusses W.W. Walkem who wrote about the first Fraser River bars, and mentions a man named Pete Toye. Mr. Starret offers anecdotes about his mother's experience as a school teacher, and a hike with his father to Eureka mine near Silver Creek in 1897.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0003
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret discusses early white settlers in the Babine Lake region. Stories about Walter Williscroft who lived outside Hazelton, and had to turn back along a trail to find his dog. A story about contractor Duncan Ross and his dealings with a Chinese blacksmith. A packing contest which a Mongolian won. A story of the "Bell Mare", an Indian woman who carried a bell and when the bell would ring the horses would think there was another horse up ahead and rush to get there. Mr. Starret offers a detailed description of packing methods. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret discusses early settlers at Hope in 1900: Yates, Alvarez and Wardel. Feed for the horses was the biggest drawback of Hope. The benefits of Hope from a geographical point of view. Hazelton got busy in 1910 because of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Men from Ontario seemed to be best adjusted to life out west. More on Hope. A story of Bill Miner, a famous train robber and a Robin Hood type figure, who was also a prospector. After one train robbery, Bill Miner rode a split-hoofed horse from the scene; the police tracked the horse and caught Miner in 1903. More stories about Miner and his generosity. Mines in the area are overviewed. A description of the survey of Allison Pass in 1906.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0004
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with his story about surveying Allison Pass near Princeton around 1905/1906. He describes the Whitworth Ranch in the Skagit Valley in 1907 at the time of a gold strike. He mentions several prospectors and discusses how Indians burned off the sides of the mountains to create easier passage to Gibson Pass. Whitworth lived in the Skagit Valley from 1903 to 1910. More stories about prospecting for gold around Yale and taking up land and prospecting at Stuart Lake. He describes what kind of man a prospector is: an optimist. The weather around Hope and how it affects the people working. The "Mill Run" around Hope is a ditch which runs at the foot of the mountain for irrigation. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues with more on Hope. He describes the school at Hope with stories about families such as the Bears, how the children dressed, and stories about what the day consisted of. Mr. Starret offers other childhood memories such as milking cows, learning to hunt, sapping trees, a particularly harsh winter, and life in the summer as a child.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0005
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with more stories about growing up in Hope in the 1890s, such as planting potatoes, riding horses, getting water for his mother with his brother Bill, turning hay and swimming. Then he tells a story about going up to the Nicola country to turn hay with his brother when he was twenty-one. He eventually got a job for Harry Gibbs at the Babine Salmon Hatchery in 1911. He tells a story about ordering a pipe to repair a leak and life at the hatchery that summer. Mr. Starret describes how flat boats took supplies all over the province. Mr. Starret tells the Indian (Babine Tribe, Stuart Lake Tribe) story about the legendary figure Astace and the creation of the Skeena River, as it was told to him. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues with his narrative about the origin of the Skeena River. Mr. Starret describes the landscape around Hazelton and the Skeena River. He discusses the differences in how white people and Indians treat their animals, such as pack dogs and horses. He talks about native people greeting Father Nicholas Coccola at Babine, and the schools, people and reserves in the area.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0006 track 1
RECORDED: Hope (B.C.), 1963-03-24 & 25
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret discusses boats: every boy knew how to row; all the fishing boats passing through Hope to get to Westminster; and native people's boats. More on mining in the area and the origins of names of places in the Hope region, with a description of the geography and people. He supposes that Hope was established before Yale and offers an explanation as to why. Soon after Yale became a more significant town. Mr. Starret tells stories of crossing lakes with Indians as guides. [end of 1963 interview]

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0006 track 2
RECORDED: Silver Creek (B.C.), 1964-07-02
SUMMARY: TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells stories about Bill Bristol, a mail carrier from New Westminster to Yale, who employed an Indian crew to work with him. Mr. Starret describes Bristol's physical appearance and the way he acted. Mr. Starret tells a story Bristol told him about Mr. Starret's father as a young prospector who discovered a lead near Hope. More stories about Bristol.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0007
RECORDED: Silver Creek (B.C.), 1964-07-02
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes Bill Bristol's daughter, Maisie, who was sent to a private boarding school in Hope; she later married an old sailor named Bears and had six or seven children, all boys but one. He discusses Bristol's death in early winter 1909/1910. Mr. Starret offers anecdotal material about residents of Hope in the 1890s, such as Mrs. Flood (a school teacher), and physical features of Hope, such as the characteristics of picket fences. Mr. Starret offers further description of the Babine region while he lived there from October 1909: the Hudson's Bay posts and activities such as fur trading, the gold rush on McConnell Creek in 1908, stories of old timers; stories of getting into the area along the Fraser River and Dewdney Trail; more about the geography around Babine; mail carriers and what was involved in such an enterprise, a story about an old time prospector named Jim May who worked on Tom Creek and more old timers. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret talks about trading posts on the Skeena; the Babine Indians and times they had been attacked, raids, and a story an Indian woman told his mother about catching a wolverine. Mr. Starret tells an involved story of a trip he took one spring near Hazelton to locate a homestead, and experiences with Indians, including detailed geography. Then he tells the story of a journey to Round Lake to look at some land for his uncle which was being sold, including characters he met along the way and some geography.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0008
RECORDED: Silver Creek (B.C.), 1964-07-02
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret tells a story about 'Blaze' Rogers who blazed all the roads around Hazelton, and trips around the Babine region in all kinds of weather. Stories about life with his uncle, C.V. Smith, in Hazelton in 1909, including stories his uncle had told him about the Indians at Babine. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0009
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret describes the landscape and roads around Hope in 1900 by comparing it to what it is like in 1964. In his description, he offers several anecdotes including one about a Chinese man who died, Cariboo Joe Tunnel near Chapman, a dig of ninety feet below water to get to bedrock, men, Bill and Joe Lapworth and the Johnson family, who worked on the railway at Hope Station when he was a child in the 1890s, and stories involving the boat that the Johnson family used to get to school. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret continues his stories about the boat in which the family thought one of their uncles had died, but he returned. Mr. Starret describes the first roads built in the 1870s at Hope which went around the lake to Chilliwack, and the first settlements he can remember including Jones Hill, and names of local Indian reserves. Mr. Starret tells the story of how Catz Landing got its name by Captain John Irving and the story of Murderer's Bar in 1858. Stories of old timer Manuel Alvarez, who was from Chile and married an Indian woman, and his eldest son Tom Alvarez, and the first mail carriers in the area. The history of mail carrier Bill Bristol including his real first name, events in his life, land given to him as a wood yard, his route from Westminster to Yale until the railway came in 1885.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0010
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: More stories about Bill Bristol and how he used to canoe to Yale before the road was built, and how he disliked paddling downstream. As a testament to Bristol's faithfulness as a mail carrier, he was given a watch with an inscription when he retired. Anecdotes about Steve Tingley who worked for the Barnard Express. Mr. Starret tells a story about the log cabin in the Otter Valley where Ed Tingley (Steve's nephew) lived. Mr. Starret learned to dance there in 1905. More on Bill Bristol and his problems taking a canoe upstream. More stories told to Mr. Starret by Bill Bristol, such as a bear shooting a man in a tree in Tete Jeune Cache during the gold rush. He describes the area where he believes Simon Fraser first landed. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells the story of a Hudson's Bay company worker named Greenwood, the man whom Greenwood Island is named after, and a story of Mr. Yates who was a clerk in the 1880s. Stories of reactions to the first telephone in the area, followed by a description of Mr. Yates and more stories about him. Mr. Starret describes the development of Hope and the migration route. He discusses cattle drives on the Yale road, and the need to burn timber to create land to feed the cattle in the 1860s.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0011
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with more on cattle drives near Hope in the 1890s including how the cowboys dressed. Mr. Starret discusses the layout of Hope from his earliest memories, his family's ranch outside of Hope, old timers, the mill at Hope, and wagons used at the time. He describes the oldest hard rock mine in BC, which is nine miles outside of Hope, mined in the 1860s and called Silver Creek, and the trails nearby. The twenty-mile belt-line from Silver Creek to the railroad was built in 1906 by a man who died on the Titanic. Mr. Starret describes sporting events in the area, such as the horse races on May 24th. He tells a story of how sixteen-year-old Luke Gibson, of the Chilliwack Gibson family, was racing a horse whose leg broke in the race. More stories about race-day and killing a bear in Hope. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells a story about waiting for a steamboat and he mentions several characters in Hope such as Mr. Wardel. More on Murderer's Bar and the river nearby, the Walkum family and their land on Murray Creek; a ditch that collapsed and killed some Indians; Hope Mountain and the surrounding landscape. Mr. Starret offers his first impressions of Silver Creek and stories of how ore was discovered in the 1860s; Hugh Stoker was one of the first investors. A description of the mountains, Silver Peak and Holy Cross, and how they were named. Mr. Starret describes a hike up to the Eureka Mine with his father and his neighbor Fred Bears in August 1897, including details of the supplies they brought with them, plants they encountered such as hemlock bark, the campsite, the trail they traveled, and a stump they encountered which had a mark in it (which was still there when he revisited 50 years later).

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0012
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues with his story up to the Eureka Mine with details of the meals they ate, more on the forks and geography of the trail, the cabin at the mine, dynamite and how to light it, spending the night in the cabin, morning at the cabin, the trail to the Victoria mine, Fred slipping on the hard snow, finding crystallized quartz and copper ore, searching out the Eureka tunnel, going home and details about Fred Bears. Mr. Starret discusses other camping trips and other thoughts looking back on the Eureka trip. He discusses how his father spent time looking for an ore vein, and the differences in the smells from a hay field to the timbers of the mountains. Mr. Starret discusses other mountains and roads near the Mr. Starret ranch. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret discusses weather: clouds on the mountains as compared to those in the northern interior, and a story about a dance and a hard snowfall of four feet, eight inches. Mr. Starret tells a story about being afraid of animals at night and details of beds, bedding, night clothes and customs when he was a child. He offers insight into freedoms and restrictions of his life as a child, such as what would be eaten for breakfast and the tap used for water.

CALL NUMBER: T0399:0013
RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-08-13 & 14
SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Starret continues describing a typical day of what life was like in Hope as a boy in the 1890s: his father would get up and light a fire first thing in the morning and make coffee, shoes they wore as compared to shoes of the 1960s, feeding the chickens and ducks, and breakfast. Mr. Starret digresses and discusses his father's eating customs and his appearance, and Mr. Starret's impressions of his father when he was a child. Mr. Starret then discusses his mother's appearance, and her life as a teacher. Mr. Starret describes what life was like while he lived alone on the ranch with his father while his mother taught in Victoria. TRACK 2: Mr. Starret tells a story about when he and his brother Will were working on a ranch in September 1909 when his mother asked one of the boys to join her in a trip to Hazelton to stay with her brother. Mr. Starret joined his mother and explains details about the trip and what Hazelton was like in 1909, when he was twenty-one, his uncle's home, stories about what his life was like in the area, and traveling in the winter to establish a ranch.

John Kemp interview : [Orchard, 1964]

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1964-07-17 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. John Kemp recalls his arrival as a HBC man in Canada and his reasons for coming. He offers a description of his journey through BC to Fort Fraser, the first road into the Interior, his impressions of the Nechako valley in 1911, working with the HBC, a description of Fort St. James as it was in 1911, Father Coccola, his impression of Native Indians, and random thoughts including an anecdote about cooking rice. [TRACK 2: blank.]

Gus Milliken interview

CALL NUMBER: T0658:0001 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1963-03-13 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Gus Milliken tells many stories from many different sources about the area around Yale. The first story takes place during the gold rush about a man who sells another man a claim to a mine which turned out to be a gravel mine, not a gold mine. Several other prospecting stories, some of which are fictitious. Early stories about the sternwheelers, including an argument between an engineer and the captain of a steamship; legends about the packer Cataline (Jean Caux); pack mules near Lytton; March 1858; a man named Hill, who discovered the first gold along the Fraser; the first hotels in the area; Joe MacKenzie, an original '58er; Ned Stout; Dewdney Landing; Bill MacKenzie, orchards, the building of the CPR station at Yale; some historical facts about the town of Yale; the first sawmill, first town council and first white male born in BC, Chinese miners and old timers. TRACK 2: Mr. Milliken describes how Yale got its name; its origins as a fort in 1846; the Hudson's Bay Company; the first buildings in Yale, L.T. Hill as the first person to discover gold in 1858; the relationship between the Hudson's Bay Company and San Francisco; the original Fort Hope, the people who worked in the first gold mines, activity in the area as it was being established, the first post office in 1916, Hope as a gold mining town; prospectors who had to move on to other places because all of the land had been staked; a dynamite plant; other early homes.

CALL NUMBER: T0658:0002 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1963-03-13 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Milliken continues describing Andrew Onderdonk, who was "supposed to have built the railway but who was in fact the engineer". He describes the American company that paid for the building of the railway from Emory to beyond Yale. He discusses the construction of the railway; the first roads in the area; Indian trails in the area, including Douglas Portage and how Mr. Yale named it; he describes Mr. Yale; gold in Rock Creek; the Kettle Valley and the Canadian National Railroad [sic]; mills in the area; the Hope-Nicola trail and other trails.

Bob Joe interview

RECORDED: [location unknown], 1963-04-02 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Joe talks about Indian tribes in the Fraser Valley; legends of Cultus Lake; Indian dialects; Cultus Lake area; Columbia Valley area; Indian graves. TRACK 2: Mr. Bob continues with anecdotes of the Chilliwack River Valley Indians; Indian place names and their origins; a landslide at Cultus Lake; Indian customs; arrival of the white man; legends of the Fraser River; sickness; the Hudson's Bay Company post; childhood anecdotes.

Take four giant steps

The item is a video copy of an industrial film. It depicts the steps taken to transport 3,000 tons of oil search equipment from Vancouver to Bell River in the northern Yukon, where three companies -- Amerada, Marathon and Hudson's Bay -- combined to drill a well. BC footage includes White Pass and Yukon steamer going up the coast, and White Pass and Yukon Route from Skagway to Whitehorse.

Constance Cox interview

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 1 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox (nee Hankin) begins this tape with a story about her uncle Charlie Hankin (partner of Billy Barker) and his promise to Josephine, the dance hall hostess at Barkerville, about her burial. A story is told about Isaac, a Babine Indian, who was awarded medals from the Humane Society and the Catholic Church. She talks about the background to the "Skeena River Rebellion" of the 18;80's. TRACK 2: This tape continues with the "Skeena River Rebellion", a childhood story about measles, Constance Cox's childhood at Hazelton, her family, the Manson Creek gold rush -- 1870, Indian women packers into Manson Creek, Cataline, Erza Evans and mining on Manson Creek.;

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 2 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox relates the following legends: the legend of the Sunbeam which is depicted on a Chilkat Blanket from Kitwanga and the adoption of the fireweed as the clan symbol at Kispiox; the; Frog legend depicted on a totem pole at Kitwancool and a Haida legend depicted on a totem pole about cruelty to animals. Indian foods and cooking methods are discussed. TRACK 2: Constance Cox continues with her discussion about Indian foods, collecting sap from evergreens, berries, wild vegetables, medicinal preparations, an incident while nursing for Dr. Wrinch at Hazelton concerning a women with cancer and another nursing story.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 3 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox relates a story about an Indian woman called "Emma". She continues with a story about Captain Fitzgerald (Gold Commissioner) who was taken prisoner at Kitseguecla (Skeena Crossing) and the subsequent trial (1871). She speaks about the first Reserve Commissioner Peter O'Reilly, the reaction to reserves in Kispiox, A.W. Vowell, the next Reserve Commissioner, and the Kitwancool Indians. TRACK 2: Constance Cox continues speaking about A.W. Vowell and the Reserve Commission at Kitwancool, the Kitwancool Indians, "Kitwancool Jim" and the Kitwancool totem pole histories. She speaks about the Collins and Yukon Telegraph lines, building the lines, the operators and linesmen and the visit of a "globe-trotting" woman -- Thea Francis (1920?).

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 4 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox relates her childhood memories of a canoe trip up the Skeena River (ca.1900). She speaks about Bishop Ridley, the Diocese of Caledonia, Metlakatla, Haida canoes, incidents along; the canoe journey, towing canoes upriver, dangers along the Skeena, villages, the "Mount Royal" paddlewheeler and Haida children learning canoe skills. TRACK 2: This tape begins with a description of a totem pole raising ceremony at Kitwancool, tragedies of the "Trail of '98", Rev. Harold Alfred Sheldon (c.1884), the Inverness Cannery and her father's business interests, Father Morice and his work with the Carrier Indians and the visit of the Catholic Bishop (Bishop Dontonwell?).

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0005 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 5 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: This tape provides a continuation of Constance Cox's recollection of the visit of the Catholic Bishop to the Carrier Indians at Babine, more details about Father Morice's work -- his book and; map, his relationship with the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort St. James, a description of the destruction of his printing press, Father Morice's penance and later years, incidents at Fort St. James and; the HBC factor at Fort Fraser, Mr. Sinclair. TRACK 2: Constance Cox continues with more recollections about Mr. Sinclair and his grave at Fort Fraser. She speaks about the destruction of Indian culture, the language of the Tsimshian, Gitksan and Carrier Indians, the white settlers who learned the native languages, her role as an interpreter, the Gitksan language, the "White Cross Society", native art, totem carving past and present, erection of a new totem pole and the legend of the Kispiox -- House of the Beaver.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0006 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 6 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: The legend of the Kispiox -- House of the Beaver is continued on this tape. Constance Cox provides additional information about the Gitksan language, her background in native languages, the Methodist missionary at Hazelton -- Mr. Matheson (1871), the Anglican missionaries (1880), the "Queek", the Gitksan as carvers and designers and the dispute over ownership of the Bulkley Canyon c.1900.; TRACK 2: This tape continues with a description of the dispute over the Bulkley Canyon, a Gitksan artist -- Gisemax (sp), other Hazelton incidents, and a story about the group of American miners and adventurers under Mr. Gryder that arrived in Hazelton under the false assumption that gold had been discovered.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0007 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 7 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Constance Cox remembers her father, Thomas Hankin, his background, his coming to British Columbia (1857) as a Hudson's Bay Company factor and establishing the Hudson's Bay Post at the Skeena-Bulkley junction, his first encounters with the Indians, the song of the "iron kettles", his staking of the town site of Hazelton (1858), the 1870 Manson Creek Goldrush, story of a greenhorn and the naming of Frying Pan Mountain, William Manson and miners drowned in Kitselas Canyon. She continues with Thomas Hankin's business interests, his role in the Masonic order, Constance Cox's education, her step-father -- R.E. Loring, The Inverness Cannery, Thomas Hankin's death, his brothers -- Phillip and Charlie Hankin and the Hudson's Bay Company fur trade. TRACK 2: Constance Cox recounts childhood memories, Simon Gunanoot as a child, the Trail of '98 -- May to October 1898, Cox as nurse and doctor to Indians and 98'ers, stories and incidents, the story of the murder of Sir Arthur Curtis, Tom Hankin Jr. losing cattle on Poison Mountain and patients at the dispensary.

CALL NUMBER: T0313:0008 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Constance Cox : recollections : part 8 RECORDED: Hazelton (B.C.), 1959 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: The trail of '98 patients at the Hazelton dispensary and the rescue and nursing of Frank Farling is recalled by Constance Cox. She relates a personal anecdote about a "love letter" and Moosekin Johnny's Restaurant. [TRACK 2: blank.]

Schofield family papers

Series consists of private correspondence and personal financial accounts of James Hargrave and his family and descendants, which include the family of John Lockhart Schofield. Records include correspondence referring to life at York Factory and in mid-nineteenth century Britain; accounts; wills and marriage contracts; correspondence regarding publishing of family papers; school reports; papers relating to the Trail Creek News; and copies of newspapers.

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