SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Annie Engebretson : Bella Coola colony and Anahim Lake PERIOD COVERED: 1894-1934 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-23 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Annie Engebretson (nee Lunos or Lunaas) discusses her father Jacob J. Lunaas' arrival in Bella Coola from Minnesota to the Saugstad colony in 1895. She then discusses their first three years in the colony, leaving for Victoria in 1900, moving to Anahim Lake for health reasons (1903-1916), the four different trails to Anahim Lake from Bella Coola, sellers and Indians and families at Anahim; Lake, and stories about Ben Franklin and Capoose. TRACK 2: Engebretson continues with more on settlers and inhabitants at Anahim Lake (1898-1913), Father Thomas, and the possible origin of the different physical appearance of Bella Coola Indians.

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Annie Levelton recalls early life in the Bella Coola Valley (1895) RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-18 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Annie Levelton describes her arrival in Bella Coola when she was four years old from Norway. Then she discusses her mother and the challenge of moving to such a remote area and credit is given to Mr. Clayton who was the Hudson's Bay factor (1895) who made sure that no one starved. She discusses her father (Erasmus Levelton) and his coming to Minnesota, Rev. Christian Saugstad, her mother,; and relations with the Bella Coola Stikine. Then she tells a story of how her life was saved by the famous Indian Capoose, and two anecdotes about bears. She discusses working on Bella Coola's road building, fishing, Mrs. Clayton, her mother's nursing, and Hagensborg. TRACK 2: Annie Levelton recalls carrying stoves, other goods, and equipment over the creek. Then she relates Ole Saugstad's muscular exploits.

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Chris Wilkerson recalls life in Firvale, Bella Coola, 1918-1951 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Chris Wilkerson describes coming from Alberta to Firvale in 1918, trapping, family in Firvale, 7th Day Adventists, Norwegian settlers, a story about Old Quahoose's Engine, more on trapping involving the Hudson's Bay Company, the Indian graveyard and a story about a bear. TRACK 2: Wilkerson continues by describing how "Burnt Bridge" got its name, tall tales by Old Gladhill, Old Chief Squinas, gold in Whitewater, the Waddington Massacre, John Clayton and the Hudsons Bay Company, Indians at Camp Aeven and details about the Old Palmer Trail.

CALL NUMBER: T1273:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Clifford Kopas recalls arrival in Bella Coola in 1933 and tells some early history, 1862-1894 PERIOD COVERED: 1862-1933 RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Clifford Kopas recalls his arrival in Bella Coola in 1933 and discusses some early history of the region (1862-1894): his arrival in Bella Coola by following Alexander Mackenzie's route in 19;33, the trip from Quesnel to Algatcho, his arrival in Firvale, and his first impressions of the Bella Coola Valley. TRACK 2: Clifford Kopas discusses the Waddington massacre, the death of Governor Frederick Seymour in 1869, fishing, the arrival of Lieutenant H.S. Palmer of the Royal Engineers in 1862, "The Grease Trail" from 1862 to 1869, "overlanders" who came to Bella Coola in search of gold, 1;869 Hudson's Bay Co. established their post, a series of men who served at the fort from 1869-1882, the 1883 arrival of missionaries including William Henry Pierce and Thomas Crosby, how in 1885 B.F. Jacobsen visited Bella Coola and took 9 native people to Germany, and the Norwegian settlers who arrived in 1894.

CALL NUMBER: T1273:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Clifford Kopas : Bella Coola road, 1951-1955 and more history, 1922-1937 PERIOD COVERED: 1793-1955 RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Clifford Kopas discusses Bella Coola Road (1951-1955) and more history from the region (1922-1937). Kopas discusses the construction for the Bella Coola Road including problems, costs, a com;parison to previous trails, the canyon, the precipice, and Indian routes. Then he discusses other activities pertaining to the road including tourism, logging, mining, and fishing. TRACK 2: Clifford Kopas continues with more on the road including the need for a highway, the building of an airstrip, television, the differences between isolation and civilization, tourism and hotels. Kopas discusses; petroglyphs (rock carvings) which were unearthed in 1922 , the origins of Indians in the area including details about crossing the Bering Strait, a description of Alexander MacKenzie's trip in 1793, Kopas' own trip through the Interior (compared to MacKenzie's), "Grease Trail", Lord Tweedsmuir's visit, Bella Coola's move in 1937, and details about the typhoid epidemic.

CALL NUMBER: T1273:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Clifford Kopas : life in Bella Coola - the people PERIOD COVERED: 1966-1966 RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1966-08-19 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Clifford Kopas describes relationships between whites and Indians, the Indian adaptation to white civilization, a breakdown of the male population in occupations, agriculture in the Bella Coo;la Valley, how milk is brought in from Vancouver, weather in the winter, his impressions of Anahim Lake, community spirit and Norwegians, and the advantages of Bella Coola as a port. [TRACK 2: blank.;]

SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Edel Hammer : Bella Coola colony at Hagensborg, 1895-1896 PERIOD COVERED: 1895-1896 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-18 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Edel Hammer (nee Nordschow) describes her father and the arrival of her family in Bella Coola in 1895 including a description of the journey. She describes life in the colony, Rev. Christian Saugstad's death, Ole Saugtad stories, leadership after his death, relations with Indians, education and teachers, and cabin building. [TRACK 2: blank.]

CALL NUMBER: T1279:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Frank Broughton : law and order in the Bella Coola Valley PERIOD COVERED: 1907-1913 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-23 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Frank Broughton begins with a detailed story about a murder case from when he worked as a Police officer in Clinton including details about the chase and prosecution of Paul Spinklum who killed Alec Kindness and the Chinese cook who was a witness. Then he discusses his arrival in BC in 1907, how he joined the Police force in 1911, his impressions of Bella Coola including, anecdotes such a;s experiences with a bear and with a missionary named Gibson, the arrest of George Wilson and Stikine Joe for murder in 1913, and he begins to discuss the legendary Indian man named Capoose. TRACK 2: Frank Broughton continues with more on Capoose, an account of a thief who stole 200 dollars, more details about how he joined the Police in 1911, the jail is described, the arrest of opium smokers, t;he fur trade, more on Capoose and Indian Chiefs.

CALL NUMBER: T1279:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Frank and Lilly Joshephine Broughton recall life in Bella Coola PERIOD COVERED: 1902-1921 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-23 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Lilly Josephine Broughton describes her family and her father Esten Gordon, her grandfather Jacob Nygaard, her impressions of Bella Coola, her impressions of Ralph Edwards, meeting her future; husband Frank Broughton, Capoose, Squinas, and John Clayton's Hudson's Bay store. Then Frank Broughton adds comments about the HBC store, the Clayton family, a story of Humpback Johnny and his gold, ;a story of Charlie Tucker and his ruined suit, and Indian drinking.

CALL NUMBER: T1282:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Gaston Bazille : entrepreneur PERIOD COVERED: 1936-1969 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1969 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Gaston "Buzz" Bazille begins his discussion with his arrival in Ocean Falls, B.C. in 1946 before moving to Bella Coola in 1947. He discusses his family and work life including a story about a; time when he quit his job and swam the river because he wouldn't wait for a boat. Then he offers anecdotes and details about his involvement with the B.C. Power Commission and electricity in Bella Coola in 1951. Then he describes an experience with a cougar, and his experiences with the building of the Bella Coola Road from 1951-1953. TRACK 2: Buzz Bazille continues by discussing the soda pop factory, the pulp mill and industrial pollution threat to the Bella Coola Valley, his attempts to bring industry to the valley, logging, his newspaper "Valley Echo", Bella Coola and Hagensborg.

CALL NUMBER: T1282:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Gaston Bazille : comments on Norwegians and Indians PERIOD COVERED: 1936-1969 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1969 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Buzz Bazille comments on Norwegian settlers and Indian affairs in the valley.;

RECORDED: Bella Coola (B.C.), 1981-09 SUMMARY: Mrs. Brekke tells the story of her father, P. Jacobsen, who was partly responsible for the settlement of the Bella Coola Valley. He also took some Bella Coola Indians to Germany. The Brekke's have been pioneers in the valley themselves, trapping, fishing and logging.

RECORDED: Anahim Lake (B.C.), [1970?] SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Mr. Harold Engebretson remembers his father and life in the Anahim Lake area. His father, Tom Engebretson, came to Anahim Lake in 1899. Trails between Bella Coola and Towdystan. Harold was born in Bella Coola in 1912; childhood recollections of Bella Coola; he came to Anahim Lake to take over his father's ranch in the 1930s; anecdotes. Then an unidentified voice discusses Rich Hobson and his book "Grass Beyond the Mountains". TRACK 2: The discussion of Rich Hobson continues, including anecdotes about Hobson and his friend Pan Phillips. Then Harold returns to relate an anecdote (as told by his father) about bachelors in the Atnarko Valley.

CALL NUMBER: T4031:0034 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Dreams of freedom : Bertha Nygaard RECORDED: White Rock (B.C.), 1982-03-17 SUMMARY: Bertha Nygaard discusses: arriving at Bella Coola in 1895 with her parents, after a minister in Minnesota persuaded her father to settle there; father ended up farming, even though his previous experience was as a tailor; first memories of Bella Coola- seeing Natives on the river; living with Mrs. Hansen when her mother was sick; in summer, her father was 'net boss'; father also built a number of houses in Bella Colla; father died at age 55, due to difficult manual labour; character in the community, old Torger; bear story; not many chores; Mr. Jacobsen; Mrs. Nygaard's husband- very musical, played the flute; dances once a week in the winter; she has always been an avid reader; Mr. Jacobsen's library; speaking English at home, learning Norwegian from neighbours; anecdote about cable car; Lysdahl sewing circle; horse races.(Occasional comments by Ruth Gurr and Betty Pelton) CALL NUMBER: T4031:0035 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Dreams of freedom : Ruth Gurr RECORDED: White Rock (B.C.), 1982-03-17 SUMMARY: Ruth Gurr discusses her childhood and youth in Bella Coola: describes first house she lived in; picking apples in lower field; two kinds of cherry trees; helping brother build rowboat and using it all summer; mornings spent doing chores or going to school; had a large farm; old swimming hole; picked blackberries so parents could sell them; mother baked a large amount of bread every day to feed big family and many workers on farm; skating on pond in winter; trudging up to school in the winter in big snowdrifts; school always cold; joining Girls' Aid as a teenager- learned how to knit, embroider; sewing circle; main centre in early years was the church; Sunday school once a week. (Occasional comments by Bertha Nygaard and Betty Pelton) CALL NUMBER: T4031:0036 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Dreams of freedom : Ruth Gurr RECORDED: White Rock (B.C.), 1982-03-17 SUMMARY: Ruth Gurr discusses: musical family- dad played baritone and cornet, mother played cornet and flute; first radio was very well-loved; dad farmed and did road building work; he was foreman when the Conservatives were in office, but not when Liberals were in power; C.C. Shepsted, the storekeeper; valley was a good place to grow fruit; apple trees were numerous; mother made jellies and pies out of fruit; more on chores; haying in the summer; anecdote about a flood; staying at Grandma Nygaard's and being homesick. (Occasional comments by Bertha Nygaard and Betty Pelton) CALL NUMBER: T4031:0037 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Dreams of freedom : Ruth Gurr RECORDED: White Rock (B.C.), 1982-03-17 SUMMARY: Ruth Gurr discusses: swimming in a slough when the water gathered after a flood; had to go through bear country to get to island where they swam; going to Bible vacation school in the summer; highlight of winter was the Christmas play (end of interview). (Occasional comments by Bertha Nygaard and Betty Pelton)

CALL NUMBER: T1272:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Milo Fougner : arrival of Norwegian colonists in Bella Coola, 1894 PERIOD COVERED: 1894-1936 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-10 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Milo Fougner describes the early years of his life (born 1905). He begins with his first impressions of his first trip to Bella Coola including the first sawmill he ever saw, the influence of; the Church in his childhood, the arrival of Norwegian colonists in 1894, the lack of medical personnel, Sunday school at the Lutheran Church, the choir, poetry, organ music, the origins of the majority of the colonists, B.F. Jacobsen's arrival in Bella Coola, details of the colonists arrival in Bella Coola, the reception of the Indians on canoes, and the rivalry with Hudson's Bay people. TRACK 2: Fougner continues with details about life in the colony: transportation, land clearing, Rev. Saugstad, politics, the death of Rev. Saugstad, leadership of the colony after his death, the celebration;s on October 30th, the background of his father (Ivor Fougner), the adaptability of certain colonists, Milo's own life in the colony during the Depression years, industrial activities in the colony in;cluding logging and fishing, and details about the telegraph.

CALL NUMBER: T1272:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Milo Fougner : memories of Bella Coola colony between 1912 and 1940 PERIOD COVERED: 1912-1940 RECORDED: [location unknown], 1966-08-10 SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Milo Fougner discusses the effects of World War I on the colonists, his father's occupations, and his own feelings toward Indians. Then he discusses the skills, knowledge, slavery, potlatches; and burial ceremonies of Indians. He then discusses growing up with Indian children and funerals including "crying hats". TRACK 2: Milo Fougner tells a story of Mr. Goldbloom who was a fur buyer fro;m 1919-1938, the name Klemtu, Lord Tweedsmuir's visit, nurse Jane Bryant, the Hudson's Bay Post in 1886, Fort McLoughlin, HBC Factor John Clayton, artists Mildred Valley Thornton and Emily Carr, the possibility of the railroad terminus at Bella Coola from 1912-1918, the Dunvegan Railroad, Milo's projections of Bella Coola as an oil line terminus, and cattle drives from 1928-1930.

SUMMARY: This program tells the story of the Norwegian settlers of the Bella Coola Valley, and their leader, the Rev. Christian Saugstad. The voices of Annie Levelton, Ted Levelton and Milo Fougner are heard.

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0001 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton describes his father Erasmus Levelton from Norway, Rev. Christian Saugstad, Mr. Clayton who was the HBC Factor in Bella Coola (1895), the Indians that were taken to Germany in 1890, Philip Jacobsen, the journey from Minnesota to Bella Coola, by-laws of the colony, the division of lots and the clearing of the land, a flood, involvement with Indians and whisky, more on the colonists, the Saugstad family, and the family's arrival in Bella Coola in 1895. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton continues with more on the arrival of the family, Captain Meyers, Philip Jacobsen and his father-in-law Capt. Thorsen, the first colonist was born at Bella Coola in 1898, farming, clearing land and wages, John Clayton and his family, Leach's Bridge, Walter Williscroft and bridges, Levelton's home as; a stopover for travelers, schools at Hagensborg, and Christmas activities.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0002 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the strength of Ole Saugstad, Rev. Saugstad's death, the church at Hagensborg, Hans Sogang, Karls Kristoffsen, Tolgar Olsen, and bear stories. TRACK 2: Ted Levelton discusses the Bella Coola town site, flooding dangers, an investigation by Premier T.D. Pattullo, proposed construction being interrupted by WWI, the moving of the town site in 1925, how the Indians had to move after a flood in 1936, how the town site expanded in 1937, John Clayton and the HBC post, fur traders and settlers, Anahim Indians, Charlie West, and stories of strong women.;

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0003 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley - the Indians SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton discusses the Indians who were employed to take freight to Hagensborg, spoon canoes and their excellent maneuverability, Indian villages (including those at Hagensborg, Burnt Bridge, Noo Secule [?], and Stuie), White Water a.k.a. Talchako, more descriptions of Indian villages, Chief Klukamut's death in 1889, Rev. William Henry Pierce (the first missionary who came from Port Essington in 1882) and Indian raids, Indian houses, building a fire including techniques, more on houses, cooking, eulachon grease, and wooden axes. TRACK 2: More on eulachon grease and wooden boxes, the clothing of Indians and HBC blankets, Indian dances at longhouses, the "Hao-Hao bird", sports at the May 24th celebration, the Clemnaman boys and feats of strength, the area covered by the Indian ;Agency (Rivers Inlet to Prince Rupert), and education including the story of a school teacher.

CALL NUMBER: T0301:0004 SUPPLIED TITLE OF TAPE(S): Ted Levelton : life in the Bella Coola Valley SUMMARY: TRACK 1: Ted Levelton offers a story of a school superintendent who was visiting a local school, an example of a "silent streak", teachers in the Bella Coola Valley, the Indian reserve at Bella Bella ;and the boundary disputes, the arrival of George Darby in 1914, nurse Ida Morgan, a story of Dr. Darby and Morgan falling asleep in church, no education available for Indians, the Ootsa Lake rush from 1906-1910, more on land disputes including those at Ootsa Lake and Anahim Lake, and the 53rd parallel. [TRACK 2: Blank.]